People calling for political change at Mulinu’u are forgetting that this is Samoa we are talking about. Samoan democracy is very different from the democracy practiced in New Zealand, Australia, or other western democratic countries. Samoa might well have a western political system operating on the surface, but this system is run in a very Samoan way. The stark reality of life is this: Samoa’s modern political system is controlled by the ancient Aiga ma Faleupolu of Samoa. These houses of chiefs and orators are the real power-brokers in their electoral districts. The old men (and sometimes women) of the villages and district of our dear country are the people who control which citizen is sent to Tiafau malae to represent them. Unfortunately for the Tautua party, most of them back the HRPP.
The mistake foreign commentators make when analysing Samoan politics is assuming the HRPP is the all-powerful unstoppable machine that the Samoa Observer and opposition supporters make them out to be. Let me make this clear: the HRPP is merely a façade for the districts to play their politics on the national stage. The ancient regime is not dead, it just mutated and adapted to the winds of change that officially swept into Samoa in 1962. There has been speculation over whether Tumua ma Pule had lost their power. I contend that Tumua ma Pule’s goals and aspirations are actually being played out in a rather different way. Like Al-Qaeda, they have split into their traditional faleupolu cells but still control most areas of the country.
The examples are endless. The Aiga Tauaana and the Faletolu that rule Falelatai and Samatau like a small oligarchy have just last week given their long-standing MP (and deputy Prime Minister) Misa Telefoni his marching orders. The Samoa Observer has reported that the Faletolu have already chosen their successor. Misa’s crime was essentially resigning his seat in a very un-Samoan way (by signed letter delivered by a staffer). Imagine if Misa had emailed or texted his resignation? There would have been house-burnings and aumaga hit-squads sent out on seek-and-destroy missions.
These types of Falenumeras (Faletolu, Falefa, Faleono, Falefitu, Falevalu, Faleiva etc) operate all over the country according to their ancient faavae (constitutions) that have largely been unchanged for thousands of years. When they say jump, mere mortals like the Deputy Prime Minister respectfully ask ‘how high?’. Falelatai is an intriguing example. In 2001, they even had the ruthlessness to banish their own Tama-a-Aiga, Tuimalealiifano Vaaletoa Sualauvi II, for daring to go against their orders and run for election …against Misa Telefoni.
There are many districts that are exactly the same. Lefaga has instructed its representative, Le Mamea Ropati Mualia to join the HRPP for the 2011 election. We all remember Le Mamea as the leader of the opposition SDUP that lost the 2006 election. Whatever Le Mamea’s personal feelings on the matter, he is probably not too keen on arguing with his district about it. Mulipola Olive has also been ordered to switch to the HRPP by his district, Aiga-i-le-Tai. There are many others who have not come out publicly. In Samoa's modern politcal system, old Samoan logic and principles still apply: do not answer back, just do as you’re told.
Nobody is immune from the traditional dictates of the faleupolu. The current Head of State, Tupua Tamasese Efi, found that out when Lufilufi sacked him from holding the Tui Atua title and banished him and his family from entering the village.
Nobody is immune from the traditional dictates of the faleupolu. The current Head of State, Tupua Tamasese Efi, found that out when Lufilufi sacked him from holding the Tui Atua title and banished him and his family from entering the village.
The Prime Minister, Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, has been painted by many opposition supporters and change-merchants as a ‘dictator’. In reality, he is the one who is dictated to. Within certain bounds, he has power to influence and lead policy as the chairperson of Cabinet and therefore the head of the government. However, whenever he returns to Lepa (his village) to face his people in fono, he is essentially reporting to his employers with all the humbleness of an employee who knows that his employment contract could be ripped up at a moment’s notice. Fortunately for him, he has the unanimous support of Lepa. In 2006, the district returned him to Tiafau unopposed.
Tuilaepa, after the tsunami hit Lepa, is on record as saying that he has been asking Lepa’s fono ‘for years’ to shift the village more inland but they usually ignore his suggestions. This demonstrates the 'separation of powers' according to Samoa's matai. The Prime Minister of the country is all powerful in the national parliament, but when he sits in the Lepa fono, he must take his place as a matai of Lepa and observe the strict order of hierarchy in Lepa. In other words, although he is accorded the appropriate respect as the Prime Minister of the country, he is not the top dog in Lepa.
Tuilaepa, after the tsunami hit Lepa, is on record as saying that he has been asking Lepa’s fono ‘for years’ to shift the village more inland but they usually ignore his suggestions. This demonstrates the 'separation of powers' according to Samoa's matai. The Prime Minister of the country is all powerful in the national parliament, but when he sits in the Lepa fono, he must take his place as a matai of Lepa and observe the strict order of hierarchy in Lepa. In other words, although he is accorded the appropriate respect as the Prime Minister of the country, he is not the top dog in Lepa.
Party policy hardly matters at village and district level. Nobody in the Falenumeras seem to care which name those people in parliament call themselves, as long as they do ‘good things’ for their districts. This means that their MP ‘stands up’ for them when budget time and project-planning debates come around. Party policies hardly matter in these villages. Nobody votes along policy-lines. Party brands are almost completely irrelevant. What matters is that whichever side their MP joins are the winners. Many MPs simply sit on the sidelines as 'independents' and try and join the winning party after the election. Again, their constituency would have instructed them to sit on the sidelines to see who wins. In the 2006 election, when there was a hint in the media that the SDUP might just topple the HRPP, many constituencies did this. Needless to say, many of these independents tried to join the HRPP after the election. Some got accepted, others got rejected. Hilariously, one of the rejects was none other than Lealailepule Rimoni Aiafi, who is currently complaining in the media about those ex-Tautua MPs who have switched over to the HRPP. Leala says he wants MPs for the Tautua party who are men of principle. Leala is obviously a comedian.
Whilst not all districts operate like this, enough districts do to have a nation-wide impact on the election result. This is sometimes done openly (eg: Faleata East - where Vaimoso and Lepea take turns in choosing the district’s MP)[1]. However, most of the time, it is done without the front-page national headlines. In districts that have competing power-bases for influence, one candidate might be backed by one set of villages, whilst another candiate might be backed by the others. These split constituencies can sometimes prove fruitful for an opposition party, if their candidate can exploit this. Palusalue Faapo II (Tautua party) won his seat with the support of the Faletolu side of the Safata constituency. However, the other side of the constituency (the Alataua side) voted en masse for their native candidate who had hopped on the HRPP ticket. However, it could go both ways. Lealailepule Rimoni Aiafi (Tautua party) lost his Faleata West seat. His side of the constituency voted for him, and the other side voting for Ale Vena (HRPP). Both sides 'discouraged' their villagers from voting for the rival side. Discouragement in the Samoan electoral context means fines and banishments for those villagers caught voting for the rival candidate.
Unfortunately for the Tautua party or any other opposition party, the HRPP keep winning enough of these local derbies to win the overall numbers game. Again, western logic goes out the window. Samoan logic enters the fray and is manifested as such: “our guy was not involved in the government last time round, we want him to be involved in government so we can get more ‘dignity’ and benefits for our constituency. Therefore, we want him to join the HRPP because they usually win enough seats to form government”. If it was the Tautua party that usually won the election, these villages would have been ordering their people to join the Tautua party.
HRPP strategy is very smart. Early on in their history, they chose candidates who have the support of the traditional Aiga ma Faleupolu in their districts. For example, Fiame Naomi Faumuina Mulinuu II is virtually impregnable at Lotofaga. Her titles say it all. Up until the recent bust-up, Misa and the Aiga Tauaana were glued to eachother. Therefore, it is a huge coup for the HRPP to have Le Mamea back in the fold. Le Mamea and Lefaga are inseparable. The HRPP was never going to win that seat without Le Mamea coming over to their side. These types of candidates hold their seats for a long time and help give the HRPP the seat numbers needed to win the general elections.
HRPP strategy is very smart. Early on in their history, they chose candidates who have the support of the traditional Aiga ma Faleupolu in their districts. For example, Fiame Naomi Faumuina Mulinuu II is virtually impregnable at Lotofaga. Her titles say it all. Up until the recent bust-up, Misa and the Aiga Tauaana were glued to eachother. Therefore, it is a huge coup for the HRPP to have Le Mamea back in the fold. Le Mamea and Lefaga are inseparable. The HRPP was never going to win that seat without Le Mamea coming over to their side. These types of candidates hold their seats for a long time and help give the HRPP the seat numbers needed to win the general elections.
Therein lies the dilemma for those optimists calling for change. The real power lies with the old men (and sometimes women) who influence the vote at village level. Anyone wanting change must do the hard yards and sell their message to these Aiga ma Faleupolu up and down the country. The Tautua party must convince the Alii ma Faipule of most districts that their candidates are able to win in enough numbers nationally to form government. This is easier said than done. The common response will probably go along these lines: "we would ask our preferred candidate to join you, but you guys are not likely to win the election, so it is a waste of time. Our MP will be stuck doing nothing important for five years if he joins you".
[1] They get around the Constitution by merely 'discouraging’ people from voting for any potential recalcitrant candidate. Not actually 'stopping' them from voting. They do not really need to 'discourage' anyway, because no other candidate is game enough to put himself forward for election without fono approval.